Associate Professor Raymond Steptoe
Principal Research Fellow
Frazer Institute
+61 7 344 36959
Associate Professor Raymond Steptoe leads the Autoimmunity and tolerance group.
Make a donation to Asthma and Allergy Research at UQ.
Research projects
- Cellular and molecular pathways of T-cell tolerance
- Prevention and reversal of autoimmune diabetes
- Novel methods of gene delivery for tolerance
- Immunotherapy of allergies and anaphylaxis
Researcher biography
Dr Steptoe's research interests are aimed at determining the cellular and molecular pathways that are important in determining the fate of T-cell activation. In particular, studies are directed at understanding how to terminate pathogenic T cell responses with the goal of developing new therapeutic approaches to prevent or treat autoimmune diseases.
Dr Ray Steptoe undertook undergraduate studies in Anatomy and Human Biology and postgraduate studies in Immunology at the University of Western Australia. After further research training at the Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute in Pittsburgh, USA, he returned to Australia to pursue research in autoimmune diabetes at the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research. In 2004, he moved to Brisbane to take up a Research Fellowship in the Immunology Program at the Diamantina Institute.
Dr Steptoe is now Associate Professor and heads the Autoimmunity and Tolerance Group, a team of researchers investigating how pathogenic immune responses can be turned off. Dr Steptoe is currently a recipient of an ARC Future Fellowship.
Journal Articles
Okada, Mirei, Zhang, Vivian, Loaiza Naranjo, Jeniffer D., Tillett, Bree J., Wong, F. Susan, Steptoe, Raymond J., Bergot, Anne‐Sophie and Hamilton‐Williams, Emma E (2023). Islet‐specific CD8+ T cells gain effector function in the gut lymphoid tissues via bystander activation not molecular mimicry. Immunology and Cell Biology, 101 (1), 36-48. doi: 10.1111/imcb.12593
Leung, Sherman S., Borg, Danielle J., McCarthy, Domenica A., Boursalian, Tamar E., Cracraft, Justen, Zhuang, Aowen, Fotheringham, Amelia K., Flemming, Nicole, Watkins, Thomas, Miles, John J., Groop, Per-Henrik, Scheijen, Jean L., Schalkwijk, Casper G., Steptoe, Raymond J., Radford, Kristen J., Knip, Mikael and Forbes, Josephine M. (2022). Soluble RAGE Prevents Type 1 Diabetes Expanding Functional Regulatory T Cells. Diabetes, 71 (9), 1994-2008. doi: 10.2337/db22-0177
Buckle, Irina, Loaiza Naranjo, Jeniffer D., Bergot, Anne-Sophie, Zhang, Vivian, Talekar, Meghna, Steptoe, Raymond J., Thomas, Ranjeny and Hamilton-Williams, Emma E. (2022). Tolerance induction by liposomes targeting a single CD8 epitope IGRP in a model of type 1 diabetes is impeded by co-targeting a CD4 islet epitope. Immunology and Cell Biology, 100 (1), 33-48. doi: 10.1111/imcb.12506
Borg, Danielle J., Faridi, Pouya, Giam, Kai Lin, Reeves, Peta, Fotheringham, Amelia K., McCarthy, Domenica A., Leung, Sherman, Ward, Micheal S., Harcourt, Brooke E., Ayala, Rochelle, Scheijen, Jean L., Briskey, David, Dudek, Nadine L., Schalkwijk, Casper G., Steptoe, Raymond, Purcell, Anthony W. and Forbes, Josephine M. (2021). Short duration alagebrium chloride therapy prediabetes does not inhibit progression to autoimmune diabetes in an experimental model. Metabolites, 11 (7) 426, 1-21. doi: 10.3390/metabo11070426
Brooks, Jeremy F., Murphy, Peter R., Barber, James E. M., Wells, James W. and Steptoe, Raymond J. (2020). Peripheral tolerance checkpoints imposed by ubiquitous antigen expression limit antigen-specific B cell responses under strongly immunogenic conditions. The Journal of Immunology, 205 (5), ji2000377-1247. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000377
Loh, Zhixuan, Simpson, Jennifer, Ullah, Ashik, Zhang, Vivian, Gan, Wan J., Lynch, Jason P., Werder, Rhiannon B., Sikder, Al Amin, Lane, Katie, Sim, Choon Boon, Porrello, Enzo, Mazzone, Stuart B., Sly, Peter D., Steptoe, Raymond J., Spann, Kirsten M., Sukkar, Maria B., Upham, John W. and Phipps, Simon (2020). HMGB1 amplifies ILC2-induced type-2 inflammation and airway smooth muscle remodelling. PLoS Pathogens, 16 (7) e1008651, 1-21. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008651
Lynch, Jason P., Werder, Rhiannon B., Curren, Bodie F., Sikder, Md. Al Amin, Ullah, Ashik, Sebina, Ismail, Rashid, Ridwan B., Zhang, Vivian, Upham, John W., Hill, Geoff R., Steptoe, Raymond J. and Phipps, Simon (2020). Long-lived regulatory T cells generated during severe bronchiolitis in infancy influence later progression to asthma. Mucosal Immunology, 13 (4), 652-664. doi: 10.1038/s41385-020-0268-8
Brooks, Jeremy F., Barber, James E.M., Davies, Janet M., Wells, James W. and Steptoe, Raymond J. (2020). Transfer of antigen-encoding bone marrow under immune-preserving conditions deletes mature antigen-specific B cells in recipients and inhibits antigen-specific antibody production. Cytotherapy, 22 (8), 436-444. doi: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2020.04.041
Tuong, Zewen, Lewandowski, Andrew, Bridge, Jennifer, Gonzalez-Cruz, Jazmina, Yamada, Miko, Lambie, Duncan, Lewandowski, Richard, Steptoe, Raymond, Leggatt, Graham, Simpson, Fiona, Frazer, Ian, Soyer, Peter and Wells, James W. (2019). Cytokine/chemokine profiles in squamous cell carcinoma correlate with precancerous and cancerous disease stage. Scientific Reports, 9 (1) 17754, 17754. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-54435-0
Law, Soi Cheng, Haigh, Oscar L., Walpole, Carina M., Keane, Colm, Miles, John, Gandhi, Maher K., Radford, Kristen J. and Steptoe, Raymond J. (2019). Simple, rapid and inexpensive typing of common HLA class I alleles for immunological studies. Journal of Immunological Methods, 465, 72-76. doi: 10.1016/j.jim.2018.12.002
Jung, Ji-Won, Veitch, Margaret, Bridge, Jennifer A., Overgaard, Nana H., Cruz, Jazmina L., Linedale, Richard, Franklin, Michael E., Saunders, Nicholas A., Simpson, Fiona, Frazer, Ian H., Steptoe, Raymond J. and Wells, James W. (2018). Clinically-relevant rapamycin treatment regimens enhance CD8+ effector memory T cell function in the skin and allow their infiltration into cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. OncoImmunology, 7 (9) e1479627, 1-16. doi: 10.1080/2162402X.2018.1479627
Brooks, Jeremy F., Liu, Xiao, Davies, Janet M., Wells, James W. and Steptoe, Raymond J. (2018). Tetramer-based identification of naïve antigen-specific B cells within a polyclonal repertoire. European Journal of Immunology, 48 (7), 1251-1254. doi: 10.1002/eji.201747447
Kling, Jessica C., Jordan, Margaret A., Pitt, Lauren A., Meiners, Jana, Thanh-Tran, Thao , Tran, Le Son , Nguyen, Tam T. K., Mittal, Deepak, Villani, Rehan, Steptoe, Raymond J., Khosrotehrani, Kiarash, Berzins, Stuart P., Baxter, Alan G., Godfrey, Dale I. and Blumenthal, Antje (2018). Temporal regulation of natural Killer T cell interferon gamma responses by beta-catenin-dependent and -independent Wnt signaling. Frontiers in Immunology, 9 (MAR) 483, 483. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00483
Markey, Kate A., Kuns, Rachel D., Browne, Daniel J., Gartlan, Kate H., Robb, Renee J., Martins, J. Paulo, Henden, Andrea S., Minnie, Simone A., Cheong, Melody, Koyama, Motoko, Smyth, Mark J., Steptoe, Raymond J., Belz, Gabrielle, Brocker, Thomas, Degli-Esposti, Mariapia A., Lane, Steven W. and Hill, Geoffrey R. (2018). Flt-3L expansion of recipient CD8α+ dendritic cells deletes alloreactive donor T cells and represents an alternative to post-transplant cyclophosphamide for the prevention of GVHD. Clinical Cancer Research, 24 (7), 1604-1616. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-17-2148
Brooks, Jeremy F, Davies, Janet M, Wells, James W and Steptoe, Raymond J (2017). Re-educating immunity in respiratory allergies: the potential for hematopoietic stem cell-mediated gene therapy. Journal of Molecular Medicine (Berlin, Germany), 96 (1), 21-30. doi: 10.1007/s00109-017-1611-8
Reeves, Peta L. S., Rudraraju, Rajeev, Wong, F. Susan, Hamilton-Williams, Emma E. and Steptoe, Raymond J. (2017). Antigen presenting cell-targeted proinsulin expression converts insulin-specific CD8+ T-cell priming to tolerance in autoimmune-prone NOD mice. European Journal of Immunology, 47 (9), 1550-1561. doi: 10.1002/eji.201747089
Borg, Danielle J., Wang, Ran, Murray, Lydia, Tong, Hui, Steptoe, Raymond J., McGuckin, Michael A. and Hasnain, Sumaira Z. (2017). The effect of interleukin-22 treatment on autoimmune diabetes in the NOD mouse. Diabetologia, 60 (11), 1-6. doi: 10.1007/s00125-017-4392-2
Overgaard, Nana H., Cruz, Jazmina L., Bridge, Jennifer A., Nel, Hendrik J., Frazer, Ian H., La Gruta, Nicole K., Blumenthal, Antje, Steptoe, Raymond J. and Wells, James W. (2017). CD4+CD8β+ double-positive T cells in skin-draining lymph nodes respond to inflammatory signals from the skin. Journal of Leukocyte Biology, 102 (3), 837-844. doi: 10.1189/jlb.1AB0217-065R
Reeves, Peta L. S., Rudraraju, Rajeev, Liu, Xiao, Wong, F. Susan, Hamilton-Williams, Emma E. and Steptoe, Raymond J. (2017). APC-targeted proinsulin expression inactivates insulin-specific memory CD8+ T cells in NOD mice. Immunology and Cell Biology, 95 (9), 765-774. doi: 10.1038/icb.2017.48
AL-Kouba, Jane, Wilkinson, Andrew N., Starkey, Malcolm R., Rudraraju, Rajeev, Werder, Rhiannon B., Liu, Xiao, Law, Soi-Cheng, Horvat, Jay C., Brooks, Jeremy F., Hill, Geoffrey R., Davies, Janet M., Phipps, Simon, Hansbro, Philip M. and Steptoe, Raymond J. (2017). Allergen-encoding bone marrow transfer inactivates allergic T cell responses, alleviating airway inflammation. JCI Insight, 2 (11) e85742. doi: 10.1172/jci.insight.85742
Keane, Colm, Gould, Clare, Jones, Kimberley, Hamm, David, Talaulikar, Dipti, Ellis, Jonathan, Vari, Frank, Birch, Simone, Han, Erica, Wood, Peter, Le-Cao, Kim-Anh, Green, Michael R., Crooks, Pauline, Jain, Sanjiv, Tobin, Josh, Steptoe, Raymond J. and Gandhi, Maher K. (2017). The T-cell receptor repertoire influences the tumor microenvironment and is associated with survival in aggressive B-cell lymphoma. Clinical Cancer Research, 23 (7), 1820-1828. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-16-1576
Bhatt, Kunal H., Rudraraju, Rajeev, Brooks, Jeremy F., Jung, Ji-Won, Galea, Ryan, Wells, James W. and Steptoe, Raymond J. (2017). Short-course rapamycin treatment enables engraftment of immunogenic gene-engineered bone marrow under low-dose irradiation to permit long-term immunological tolerance. Stem Cell Research and Therapy, 8 (1) 57, 57. doi: 10.1186/s13287-017-0508-3
Gerace, Dario, Martiniello-Wilks, Rosetta, Nassif, Najah Therese, Lal, Sara, Steptoe, Raymond and Simpson, Ann Margaret (2017). CRISPR-targeted genome editing of mesenchymal stem cell-derived therapies for type 1 diabetes: a path to clinical success?. Stem Cell Research and Therapy, 8 (1) 62, 62. doi: 10.1186/s13287-017-0511-8
Hamilton-Williams, Emma E., Bergot, Anne-Sophie, Reeves, Peta L. S and Steptoe, Raymond J. (2016). Maintenance of peripheral tolerance to islet antigens. Journal of Autoimmunity, 72, 118-125. doi: 10.1016/j.jaut.2016.05.009
Coleman, Miranda A., Jessup, Claire F., Bridge, Jennifer A., Overgaard, Nana H., Penko, Daniella, Walters, Stacey, Borg, Danielle J., Galea, Ryan, Forbes, Josephine M., Thomas, Ranjeny, Coates, Patrick T. C., Grey, Shane T., Wells, James W. and Steptoe, Raymond J. (2016). Antigen-encoding bone marrow terminates islet-directed memory CD8+ T-cell responses to alleviate islet transplant rejection. Diabetes, 65 (5), 1328-1340. doi: 10.2337/db15-1418
James, Cini R., Buckle, Irina, Muscate, Franziska, Otsuka, Masayuki, Nakao, Mari, Oon, Jack S. H., Steptoe, Raymond J., Thomas, Ranjeny and Hamilton-Williams, Emma E. (2016). Reduced interleukin-2 responsiveness impairs the ability of Treg cells to compete for IL-2 in nonobese diabetic mice. Immunology and Cell Biology, 94 (5), 509-519. doi: 10.1038/icb.2016.7
Roufaiel, Marian Nassef Kadry Naguib, Wells, James W. and Steptoe, Raymond J. (2015). Impaired T-cell function in B-cell lymphoma: a direct consequence of events at the immunological synapse?. Frontiers in Immunology, 6 (JUN) 258, 258.1-258.10. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00258
Foo, Shen Yun, Zhang, Vivian, Lalwani, Amit, Lynch, Jason P., Zhuang, Aowen, Lam, Chuan En, Foster, Paul S., King, Cecile, Steptoe, Raymond J., Mazzone, Stuart B., Sly, Peter D. and Phipps, Simon (2015). Regulatory T cells prevent inducible BALT formation by dampening neutrophilic inflammation. Journal of Immunology, 194 (9), 4567-4576. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400909
Blake, Stephen J. P., Ching, Alan L. H., Kenna, Tony J., Galea, Ryan, Large, Justin, Yagita, Hideo and Steptoe, Raymond J. (2015). Blockade of PD-1/PD-L1 promotes adoptive T-Cell immunotherapy in a tolerogenic environment. PLoS One, 10 (3) e0119483, e0119483. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119483
Bergot, Anne-Sophie, Monnet, Nastasia, Tran, Son Le, Mittal, Deepak, Al-Kouba, Jane, Steptoe, Raymond J., Grimbaldeston, Michele A., Frazer, Ian H. and Wells, James W. (2015). HPV16 E7 expression in skin induces TSLP secretion, type 2 ILC infiltration and atopic dermatitis-like lesions. Immunology and Cell Biology, 93 (6), 540-547. doi: 10.1038/icb.2014.123
Overgaard, Nana H., Jung, Ji-Won, Steptoe, Raymond J. and Wells, James W. (2015). CD4+/CD8+ double positive T cells: more than just a developmental stage?. Journal of Leukocyte Biology, 97 (1), 31-38. doi: 10.1189/jlb.1RU0814-382
Shah, Neha D., Parekh, Harendra S. and Steptoe, Raymond J. (2014). Asymmetric peptide dendrimers are effective linkers for antibody-mediated delivery of diverse payloads to B cells in vitro and in vivo. Pharmaceutical Research, 31 (11), 3150-3160. doi: 10.1007/s11095-014-1408-1
McNally, Alice, McNally, Michael, Galea, Ryan, Thomas, Ranjeny and Steptoe, Raymond J. (2014). Immunogenic, but not steady-state, antigen presentation permits regulatory T-cells to control CD8+T-cell effector differentiation by IL-2 modulation. PloS One, 9 (1) e85455, e85455. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085455
Khairuddin, Norliana, Blake, Stephen J., Firdaus, Farah, Steptoe, Raymond J., Behlke, Mark A., Hertzog, Paul J. and McMillan, Nigel A. J. (2014). In vivo comparison of local versus systemic delivery of immunostimulating siRNA in HPV-driven tumours. Immunology and Cell Biology, 92 (2), 156-163. doi: 10.1038/icb.2013.75
Forrester, John V., Steptoe, Raymond J., Klaska, Izabela P., Martin-Granados, Cristina, Dua, Harminder S., Degli-Esposti, Mariapia A. and Wikstrom, Matthew E. (2013). Cell-based therapies for ocular inflammation. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research, 35, 82-101. doi: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2013.02.002
Coleman, Miranda A., Bridge, Jennifer A., Lane, Steven W., Dixon, Chantelle M., Hill, Geoffrey R., Wells, James W., Thomas, Ranjeny and Steptoe, Raymond J. (2013). Tolerance induction with gene-modified stem cells and immune-preserving conditioning in primed mice: restricting antigen to differentiated antigen-presenting cells permits efficacy. Blood, 121 (6), 1049-1058. doi: 10.1182/blood-2012-06-434100
Fiorenza, Salvatore, Kenna, Tony J., Comerford, Iain, McColl, Shaun, Steptoe, Raymond J., Leggatt, Graham R. and Frazer, Ian H. (2012). A Combination of Local Inflammation and Central Memory T Cells Potentiates Immunotherapy in the Skin. Journal of Immunology, 189 (12), 5622-5631. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200709
Coleman, Miranda A. and Steptoe, Raymond J. (2012). Induction of antigen-specific tolerance through hematopoietic stem cell-mediated gene therapy: the future for therapy of autoimmune disease?. Autoimmunity Reviews, 12 (2), 195-203. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2011.08.012
Markey, Kate A., Koyama, Motoko, Kuns, Rachel D., Lineburg, Katie E., Wilson, Yana A., Olver, Stuart D., Raffelt, Neil C., Don, Alistair L. J., Varelias, Antiopi, Robb, Renee J., Cheong, Melody, Engwerda, Christian R., Steptoe, Raymond J., Ramshaw, Hayley S., Lopez, Angel F., Vega-Ramos, Javier, Lew, Andrew M., Villadangos, Jose A., Hill, Geoffrey R. and MacDonald, Kelli P. A. (2012). Immune insufficiency during GVHD is due to defective antigen presentation within dendritic cell subsets. Blood, 119 (24), 5918-5930. doi: 10.1182/blood-2011-12-398164
Rahimpour, Azad, Mattarollo, Stephen R., Yong, Michelle, Leggatt, Graham R., Steptoe, Raymond J. and Frazer, Ian H. (2012). gamma delta T cells augment rejection of skin grafts by enhancing cross-priming of CD8 T cells to skin-derived antigen. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 132 (6), 1656-1664. doi: 10.1038/jid.2012.16
O'Sullivan, Brendan J., Pai, Saparna, Street, Shayna, An, Xiayou, Macdonald, Kelli P. A., Wong, Michelle, Strutton, Geoffrey, Gerondakis, Steve, Steptoe, Raymond J., Fazekas de St Groth, Barbara, Hill, Geoffrey R. and Thomas, Ranjeny (2011). Immunotherapy with costimulatory dendritic cells to control autoimmune inflammation. Journal of Immunology, 187 (7), 4018-4030. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101727
Shah, Neha, Steptoe, Raymond J. and Parekh, Harendra S. (2011). Low-generation asymmetric dendrimers exhibit minimal toxicity and effectively complex DNA. Journal of Peptide Science, 17 (6), 470-478. doi: 10.1002/psc.1347
McNally, Alice, Hill, Geoffrey R., Sparwasser, Tim, Thomas, Ranjeny and Steptoe, Raymond J. (2011). CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells control CD8+ T-cell effector differentiation by modulating IL-2 homeostasis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108 (18), 7529-7534. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1103782108
Bertin-Maghit, Sebastien, Pang, Dimeng, O'Sullivan, Brendan, Best, Shannon, Duggan, Emily, Paul, Sanjoy, Thomas, Helen, Kay, Thomas W. H., Harrison, Leonard C., Steptoe, Raymond and Thomas, Ranjeny (2011). Interleukin-1 beta produced in response to islet autoantigen presentation differentiates T-helper 17 cells at the expense of regulatory T-cells: Implications for the timing of tolerizing immunotherapy. Diabetes, 60 (1), 248-257. doi: 10.2337/db10-0104
Nasreen, Mariam, Waldie, Tanya M., Dixon, Chantelle M. and Steptoe, Raymond J. (2010). Steady-state antigen-expressing dendritic cells terminate CD4+ memory T-cell responses. European Journal of Immunology, 40 (7), 2016-2025. doi: 10.1002/eji.200940085
Isomura, Iwao, Palmer, Stephanie, Grumont, Raelene J., Bunting, Karen, Hoyne, Gerard, Wilkinson, Nancy, Banerjee, Ashish, Proietto, Anna, Gugasyan, Raffi, Wu, Li, McNally, Alice, Steptoe, Raymond J., Thomas, Ranjeny, Shannon, M. Frances and Gerondakis, Steve (2010). c-Rel is required for the development of thymic Foxp3+ CD4 regulatory T cells (The Journal of Experimental Medicine (December 21, 2009) 206, 13 (3001-3014)). Journal of Experimental Medicine, 207 (4). doi: 10.1084/jem.2009141132610c
Isomura, Iwao, Palmer, Stephanie, Grumont, Raelene J., Bunting, Karen, Hoyne, Gerard, Wilkinson, Nancy, Banerjee, Ashish, Proietto, Anna, Gugasyan, Raffi, Wu, Li, McNally, Alice, Steptoe, Raymond J., Thomas, Ranjeny, Shannon, M. Frances and Gerondakis, Steve (2010). c-Rel is required for the development of thymic Foxp3(+) CD4 regulatory T cells (vol 206, pg 3001, 2009). Journal of Experimental Medicine, 207 (4)
Kenna, Tony J., Waldie, Tanya, McNally, Alice, Thomson, Meagan, Yagita, Hideo, Thomas, Ranjeny and Steptoe, Raymond J. (2010). Targeting antigen to diverse APCs inactivates memory CD8+ T cells without eliciting tissue-destructive effector function. Journal of Immunology, 184 (2), 598-606. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900032
Isomura, I., Palmer, S., Grumont, R. J., Bunting, K., Hoyne, G., Wilkinson, N., Banerjee, A., Proietto, A., Gugasyan, R., Li, W., McNally, Alice, Steptoe, Raymond J., Thomas, Ranjeny, Shannon, F. and Gerondakis, S. (2009). c-Rel is required for the development of thymic Foxp3(+) CD4 regulatory T cells. The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 206 (13), 3001-3014. doi: 10.1084/jem.20091411
Doan, Tracy, McNally, Alice, Thomas, Ranjeny and Steptoe, Raymond (2009). Steady-state dendritic cells continuously inactivate T cells that escape thymic negative selection. Immunology and Cell Biology, 87 (8), 615-622. doi: 10.1038/icb.2009.46
Capini, Christelle, Jaturanpinyo, Montree, Chang, Hsin-I, Mutalik, Srinivas, McNally, Alice, Street, Shayna, Steptoe, Raymond, O'Sullivan, Brendan, Davies, Nigel and Thomas, Ranjeny (2009). Antigen-specific suppression of inflammatory arthritis using liposomes. Journal of Immunology, 182 (6), 3556-3565. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.0802972
Proietto, Anna I., van Dommelen, Serani, Zhou, Penghui, Rizzitelli, Alexandra, D'Amico, Angela, Steptoe, Raymond J., Naik, Shalin H., Lahoud, Mireille H., Liu, Yang, Zheng, Pan, Shortman, Ken and Wu, Li (2009). Dendritic cells in the thymus contribute to T-regulatory cell induction (vol 105, pg 19869, 2008). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106 (5), 1679-1679. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0813353106
Proietto, Anna I., van Dommelen, Serani van, Zhou, Penghui, Rizzitelli, Alexandra, D'Amico, Angela, Steptoe, Raymond J., Naik, Shalin H., Lahoud, Mireille H., Liu, Yang, Zheng, Pan, Shortman, Ken and Wu, Li (2008). Dendritic cells in the thymus contribute to T-regulatory cell induction. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 105 (50), 19869-19874. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0810268105
Kenna, Tony J., Thomas, Ranjeny and Steptoe, Raymond J. (2008). Steady-state dendritic cells expressing cognate antgen terminate memory CD8+ T-cell responses. Blood, 111 (4), 2091-2100. doi: 10.1182/blood-2007-07-103200
Steptoe, Raymond J., Ritchie, Janine M., Wilson, Nicholas S., Villadangos, Jose A., Lew, Andrew M. and Harrison, Leon C. (2007). Cognate CD4+ help elicited by resting dendritic cells does not impair the induction of peripheral tolerance in CD8+ T cells. Journal of Immunology, 178 (4), 2094-2103. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.4.2094
O'Sullivan, Brendan J., Thomas, Helen E., Pai, Saparna, Santamaria, Pere, Iwakura, Yoichiro, Steptoe, Raymond J., Kay, Thomas W. H. and Thomas, Ranjeny (2006). IL-1 beta breaks tolerance through expansion of CD25(+) effector T cells. Journal of Immunology, 176 (12), 7278-7287. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.12.7278
Narendran, Parth, Neale, Alana M., Lee, Bo Han, Ngui, Katrina, Steptoe, Raymond J., Morahan, Grant, Madsen, Ole, Dromey, James A., Jensen, Kent P. and Harrison, Leonard C. (2006). Proinsulin is encoded by an RNA splice variant in human blood myeloid cells. Proceedings of The National Academy of Sciences of The United States of America, 103 (44), 16430-16435. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0607380103
Wilson, Nicholas S., Behrens, Georg M. N., Lundie, Rachel J., Smith, Christopher M., Waithman, Jason, Young, Louise, Forehan, Simon P., Mount, Adele, Steptoe, Raymond J., Shortman, Ken D., de Koning-Ward, Tania F, Belz, Gabrielle T., Carbone, Francis R ., Crabb, Brendan S., Heath, William R. and Villadangos, Jose A. (2006). Systemic activation of dendritic cells by Toll-like receptor ligands or malaria infection impairs cross-presentation and anti-viral immunity. Nature Immunology, 7 (2), 165-172. doi: 10.1038/ni1300
Steptoe, Raymond J., Ritchie, Janine M., Jones, Lynelle K. and Harrison, Leonard C. (2005). Autoimmune Diabetes Is Suppressed by Transfer of Proinsulin-Encoding Gr-1^sup +^ Myeloid Progenitor Cells That Differentiate In Vivo Into Resting Dendritic Cells. Diabetes, 54 (2), 434-442. doi: 10.2337/diabetes.54.2.434
O'Keeffe, Meredith, Brodnicki, Thomas C., Fancke, Ben, Vremec, David, Morahan, Grant, Maraskovsky, Eugene, Steptoe, Raymond, Harrison, Leonard C. and Shortman, Ken (2005). Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand administration overcomes a genetically determined dendritic cell deficiency in NOD mice and protects against diabetes development. International Immunology, 17 (3), 307-314. doi: 10.1093/intimm/dxh210
Steptoe, Raymond J., Stankovic, Sanda, Lopaticki, Sash, Jones, Lynelle K., Harrison, Leonard C. and Morahan, Grant (2004). Persistence of recipient lymphocytes in NOD mice after irradiation and bone marrow transplantation. Journal of Autoimmunity, 22 (2), 131-138. doi: 10.1016/j.jaut.2003.12.003
El-Sukkari, Dima, Wilson, Nicholas S., Hakansson, Katarina, Steptoe, Raymond J., Grubb, Anders, Shortman, Ken and Villadangos, José A. (2003). The protease inhibitor cystatin C is differentially expressed among dendritic cell populations, but does not control antigen presentation. Journal of Immunology, 171 (10), 5003-5011. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.10.5003
Wilson, Nicholas S., El-Sukkari, Dima, Belz, Gabrielle T., Smith, Christopher M., Steptoe, Raymond J., Heath, William R., Shortman, Ken and Villadangos, José A. (2003). Most lymphoid organ dendritic cell types are phenotypically and functionally immature. Blood, 102 (6), 2187-2194. doi: 10.1182/blood-2003-02-0513
Steptoe, Raymond J., Ritchie, Janine M. and Harrison, Leonard C. (2003). Transfer of hematopoietic stem cells encoding autoantigen prevents autoimmune diabetes. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 111 (9), 1357-1363. doi: 10.1172/JCI200315995
Thomson, Angus W ., OConnell, Peta J., Steptoe, Raymond J. and Lu, Lina (2002). Immunobiology of liver dendritic cells. Immunology and Cell Biology, 80 (1), 65-73. doi: 10.1046/j.0818-9641.2001.01058.x
Steptoe, R. J., Ritchie, J. M. and Harrison, L. C. (2002). Increased generation of dendritic cells from myeloid progenitors in autoimmune-prone nonobese diabetic mice. Journal of Immunology, 168 (10), 5032-5041. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.10.5032
Villadangos, José A., Cardoso, Marı́a, Steptoe, Raymond J., van Berkel, Dionne, Pooley, Joanne, Carbone, Francis R. and Shortman, Ken (2001). MHC class II expression is regulated in dendritic cells independently of invariant chain degradation. Immunity, 14 (6), 739-749. doi: 10.1016/S1074-7613(01)00148-0
Steptoe, Raymond J., Patel, Rajan K., Subbotin, Vladimir M. and Thomson, Angus W. (2000). Comparative analysis of dendritic cell density and total number in commonly transplanted organs: morphometric estimation in normal mice. Transplant Immunology, 8 (1), 49-56. doi: 10.1016/S0966-3274(00)00010-1
Steptoe, Raymond J., McMenamin, Paul G. and Holt, Patrick G. (2000). Resident tissue macrophages within the normal rat iris lack immunosuppressive activity and are effective antigen-presenting cells. Ocular Immunology And Inflammation, 8 (3), 177-187. doi: 10.1076/0927-3948(200009)8:3;1-K;FT177
Steptoe, Raymond J., Li, Wei, Fu, Fumin, O'Connell, Peta J. and Thomson, Angus W. (1999). Trafficking of APC from liver allografts of Flt3L-treated donors: augmentation of potent allostimulatory cells in recipient lymphoid tissue is associated with a switch from tolerance to rejection. Transplant Immunology, 7 (1), 51-57. doi: 10.1016/S0966-3274(99)80019-7
Khanna, Ajai, Antonysamy, Mary A., Subbotin, Vladimir M., Steptoe, Raymond J., Li, Wei, Rudert, William A. and Thomson, Angus W . (1998). Impact of Flt3 ligand on donor-derived antigen-presenting cells and alloimmune reactivity in heart graft recipients given adjuvant donor bone marrow. Transplant Immunology, 6 (4), 225-234. doi: 10.1016/S0966-3274(98)80012-9
Shaw, Samuel G., Maung, Adrian A., Steptoe, Raymond J., Thomson, Angus W. and Vujanovic, Nikola L. (1998). Expansion of functional natural killer cells in multiple tissue compartments of mice treated with flt3-ligand: Implications for anti-cancer and anti-viral therapy. Journal of Immunology, 161 (6), 2817-2824.
Antonysamy, Mary A., Steptoe, Raymond J., Khanna, Ajai, Rudert, William A., Subbotin, Vladimir M. and Thomson, Angus W. (1998). Flt-3 Ligand Increases Microchimerism But Can Prevent the Therapeutic Effect of Donor Bone Marrow in Transiently Immunosuppressed Cardiac Allograft Recipients. Journal of Immunology, 160 (8), 4106-4113.
Qian, S., Lu, L., Fu, F., Li, W., Pan, F., Steptoe, Raymond J., Chambers, F. G., Starzl, T. E., Fung, J. J. and Thomson, A. W. (1998). Donor Pre-treatment with Flt3 ligand augments antidonor cytotoxic T lymphocyte, natural killer and lymphokine-activated killer cell activities within liver allografts and alters the pattern of intragraft apopototic activity. Transplantation, 65 (12), 1590-1598. doi: 10.1097/00007890-199806270-00009
Steptoe, R. J., Fu, F., Li, W., Drakes, M. L., Lu, L., Demetris, A. J., Qian, S., McKenna, H. J. and Thomson, A. W. (1997). Augmentation of dendritic cells in murine organ donors by Flt3 ligand alters the balance between transplant tolerance and immunity. Journal of Immunology, 159 (11), 5483-5491.
Steptoe, RJ, Holt, PG and McMenamin, PG (1997). Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-positive dendritic cells in the rat iris - In situ development from MHC class II-negative precursors. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 38 (12), 2639-2648.
Steptoe, R. J. and Thomson, A. W. (1996). Dendritic cells and tolerance induction. Clinical And Experimental Immunology, 105 (3), 397-402. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.1996.d01-779.x
Steptoe, R. J., Holt, P. G. and McMenamin, P. G. (1996). Origin and steady-state turnover of major histocompatibility complex Class II-positive dendritic cells and resident-tissue macrophages in the iris of the rat eye. Journal of Neuroimmunology, 68 (1-2), 67-76. doi: 10.1016/0165-5728(96)00070-7
Steptoe, RJ, Holt, PG and McMenamin, PG (1995). Functional-Studies of Major Histocompatibility Class Ii-Positive Dendritic Cells and Resident Tissue Macrophages Isolated From the Rat Iris. Immunology, 85 (4), 630-637.
Steptoe, R. J., McMenamin, P. G. and McMenamin, C. (1994). Distribution and characterisation of rat choroidal mast cells. British Journal of Ophthalmology, 78 (3), 211-218. doi: 10.1136/bjo.78.3.211
Steptoe, R. J., Mcmenamin, C. and Mcmenamin, P. G. (1994). Choroidal mast cell dynamics during experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis in rat strains of differing susceptibility. Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2 (1), 7-22. doi: 10.3109/09273949409057797
McMenamin, P. G., Forrester, J. V., Steptoe, R. and Dua, H. S. (1993). Ultrastructural pathology of experimental autoimmune uveitis in the rat. Autoimmunity, 16 (2), 83-93. doi: 10.3109/08916939308993315
McMenamin, P. G., Forrester, J. V., Steptoe, R. J. and Dua, H. S. (1992). Ultrastructural pathology of experimental autoimmune uveitis: Quantitative evidence of activation and possible high endothelial venule-like changes in retinal vascular endothelium. Laboratory Investigation, 67 (1), 42-55.
McMenamin, PG and Steptoe, RJ (1991). Normal Anatomy of the Aqueous-Humor Outflow System in the Domestic Pig Eye. Journal of Anatomy, 178, 65-77.
Conference Papers
Wehr, Pascale, Nel, Hendrik J., Zhou, Chenhao, Mehdi, Ahmed M., McGuire, Helen, Weedon, Helen, Small, Annabelle, Steptoe, Raymond, Gras, Stephanie, Wechalekar, Mihir D. and Thomas, Ranjeny (2021). Antigen-expanded t cells infiltrating new-onset rheumatoid arthritis synovial tissue are IL-6-reponsive, T-helper 2 and pro-inflammatory viral-specific clones. Australian Rheumatology Association 61st Annual Scientific Meeting, Hybrid Meeting, 21–23 May 2021. Richmond, VIC, Australia: Wiley-Blackwell.
Steptoe, R. J., Brooks, J. F. and Wells, J. W. (2019). Antigen-encoding bone marrow deletes mature antigen-specific B cells in recipients and inhibits antigen-specific antibody production. ESGCT 27th Annual Congress in collaboration with SETGyc Meeting, Barcelona Spain, 22-25 October 2019 . New Rochelle, NY, United States: Mary Anne Liebert.
Hasan, M. A., Pettit, A. R. and Steptoe, R. J. (2019). Non-genotoxic conditioning facilitates tolerance induction through stable mixed hematopoietic chimerism of gene modified bone marrow. 17th International Congress of Immunology (IUIS), Beijing, China, 19-23 October, 2019. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley. doi: 10.1002/eji.201970400
Brooks, J., Davies, J., Wells, J. and Steptoe, R. (2018). Dendritic cell-targeted self-antigen restrains autoreactive B cells by deletion and anergy. 15th International Symposium on Dendritic Cells (DC), Aachen, Germany, 10-14 June 2018 . Weinheim, Germany: Wiley.
Bridge, Jennifer A., Overgaard, Nana H., Steptoe, Raymond J., Frazer, Ian H. and Wells, James W. (2016). Altering the balance between immune activation versus regulation in the skin to promote CD8 T-cell activity within epithelial cancers. AACR 107th Annual Meeting on Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, New Orleans, La, United States, Apr 16-20, 2016. Philadelphia, PA, United States: American Association for Cancer Research. doi: 10.1158/1538-7445.AM2016-3999
Bridge, Jennifer A., Overgaard, Nana H., Cruz, Jazmina L. G., Veitch, Margaret, Frazer, Ian H., Steptoe, Raymond J. and Wells, James W. (2016). Novel regulators of CD8 T-cell functions in the skin. Joint meeting of the Australasian Wound and Tissue Repair Society (AWTRS) and the Molecular and Experimental Pathology Society of Australasia (MEPSA), Melbourne, Australia , November 7–9, 2016. Hoboken, NJ, United States: Wiley-Blackwell Publishing. doi: 10.1111/wrr.12489
Brooks, J., Al-Kouba, J., Davies, J., Wells, J. and Steptoe, R. (2016). Does dendritic-cell targeted antigen expression induce both T and B cell tolerance?. International Congress of Immunology (ICI), Melbourne, Australia, 21-26 August 2016. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley. doi: 10.1002/eji.201670200
Cruz, Gonzalez J. L., Overgaard, N. H., Bridge, J. A., Jung, J. -W, He, J., Nel, H. J., Watson, K., Frazer, I. H., La Gruta, N. L., Steptoe, R. J. and Wells, J. W. (2016). CD4(+)CD8(+) double-positive T-cells regulate CD8(+) single-positive T cell function in the skin. International Congress of Immunology (ICI), Melbourne, Australia, 21-26 August 2016. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley. doi: 10.1002/eji.201670200
Steptoe, R., Al-Kouba, J., Coleman, M., Jessup, C., Starkey, M., Overgaard, N., Bridge, J., Horvat, J., Werder, R., Walters, S., Coates, P. T., Grey, S., Thomas, R., Wells, J., Hansbro, P., Phipps, S. and Davies, J. (2016). Ablation of pathogenic memory T-cell responses by bone marrow-mediated gene therapy under immune-preserving conditions. International Congress of Immunology (ICI 2016), Melbourne, Australia, 21-26 August 2016. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley.
Bridge, J. A., Overgaard, N. H., Cruz, J. L., Veitch, M., Frazer, I. H., Steptoe, R. J. and Wells, J. W. (2016). Uncovering novel regulators of CD8(+) T-cell functions in the skin. Asia-Pacific Combined Dermatology Research Conference, Noosa, Australia, 25–28 August 2016. Richmond, VIC, Australia: Wiley-Blackwell. doi: 10.1111/ajd.12584
Buckle, I, Steptoe, R. J., Thomas, R. and Hamilton-Williams, E. E. (2016). Development of a model for antigen-specific tolerising immunotherapy and response in NOD mice. International Congress of Immunology (ICI 2016), Melbourne, Australia, 21-26 August 2016. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley.
Bridge, J. A., Overgaard, N. H., Cruz, J. L. G., Veitch, M., Frazer, I. H., Steptoe, R. J. and Wells, J. W. (2016). Novel regulators of CD8(+) T-cell functions in the skin. International Congress of Immunology (ICI), Melbourne, Australia, 21-16 August 2016. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley. doi: 10.1002/eji.201670200
Borg, D. J., McCarthy, D., Reeves, P., Ward, M. S., Fotheringham, A. K., Gallo, L. A., Harcourt, B. E., Agrawal, N., Steptoe, R. and Forbes, J. M. (2015). Short-term alagebrium chloride (ALT-711) therapy pre-diabetes for the treatment of Type I Diabetes. Immunology of Diabetes Society 14th International Congress, Munich, Germany, 12-16 April 2015.
Coleman, Miranda, Thomas, Ranjeny and Steptoe, Ray (2012). Antigen-targeting to dendritic cells is required for engraftment of antigen-encoding bone marrow and long-term tolerance under non-myeloablative conditions. 99th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Immunologists, Boston, MA, United States, 4 -8 May 2012. Bethesda, MD, United States: American Association of Immunologists.
Markey, K. A., Koyama, M., Kuns, R. D., Lineburg, K. E., Wilson, Y. A., Olver, S. D., Dan, A. L. J., Varelias, A., Robb, R. J., Cheong, M., Engwerda, C. R., Steptoe, R. J., Ramshaw, H. S., Lopez, A. F., Lew, A. M., Villadangos, J. A., Hill, G. R. and MacDonald, K. P. A. (2012). Immune insufficiency after experimental transplantation is d.Due to defective antigen presentation within Dendritic Cell Subsets. BMT Tandem Meeting, San Diego, CA, United States, 01-05 Feburary 2012. Philadelphia, PA, United States: Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2011.12.066
Bertin-Maghit, Sebastien, O'Sullivan, Brendan, Best, Shannoiin, Duggan, Emily, Pang, Dimeng, Thomas, Helen, Kay, Thomas, Harrison, Leonard, Steptoe, Raymond and Thomas, Ranjeny (2010). F.72. IL-1 beta produced in response to islet autoantigen presentation differentiates T-helper-17 cells at the expense of regulatory T cells: Implications for the timing of tolerizing immunotherapy. FOCiS 2010: Tenth Annual Meeting of the Federation of Clinical Immunology Societies, Boston, MA, U.S.A., 24-27 June 2010. Orlando, FL, U.S.A.: Academic Press. doi: 10.1016/j.clim.2010.03.294
Steptoe, Raymond J. (2006). Dendritic cells and regulation of autoimmunity. International Symposium on Low-Dose Radiation Exposures and Bio-Defense System, Rokkasho, Aomori, Japan, 28-30 September 2005. Rokkasho-mura (Aomori-ken): The Institute for Environmental Sciences.
Brown, L., Davies, N. M. and Steptoe, R. J. (2005). A comparative study of the efficiency of lipolexes, polyplexes and lipid-polycation-DNA complexes for cell transfection. Joint Meeting of ASCEPT and APSA, Melbourne, 4-7 Dec. 2005. Australia: Australasian Society of Clinical & Experimental Pharmacologists & Toxicologists.
Steptoe, R., Ritchie, J. M., Wilson, N. S., Villadangos, J. A., Lew, A. M and Harrison, L. C. (2005). Cognate CD4(+) help elicited by resting DC does not impair CD8(+) T-cell tolerance induction. 35th Annual SCientific Meeting of the Australasian-Society-for-Immunology/14th International HLA and Immunogenetics Workshops, Melbourne, Australia, 29 November-2 December, 2005. Copenhagen: Munksgaard. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2005.00523.x
O'Sullivan, B. J., Thomas, H. E., Pai, S., Steptoe, R. J., Kay, T. W. and Thomas, R. (2005). IL-1 breaks tolerance through inhibition of regulatory T cell function. 35th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Australasian Society for Immunology and 14th International HLA and Immunogenetics Workshop, Melbourne, Australia, 29th November - 2nd December, 2005. OXFORD: John Wiley & Sons A/S. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2005.00523.x
O'Sullivan, B., Thomas, H., Jamieson, E., Pai, S., Steptoe, R., Kay, T. and Thomas, R. (2005). Il-1 beta breaks tolerance through inhibition of regulatory T cell function. 69th Annual Scientific Meeting of the American-College-of-Rheumatology/40th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Association-of-Rheumatology-Health-Professionals, San Diego, CA, 12th - 17th December, 2005. Hoboken: American College of Rheumatology.
Thomson, A. W., Drakes, M. L., Zahorchak, A. F., O'Connell, P. J., Steptoe, R. J., Qian, S. and Lu, L. (1999). Hepatic dendritic cells: immunobiology and role in liver transplantation. 5th International Symposium on Dendritic Cells in Fundamental and Clinical Immunology, Pittsburgh, PA, United States, 23-28 September 1998. Oxford, United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons.
Khanna, Ajai, Steptoe, Raymond, Antonysamy, Mary, Li, Wei and Thomson, Angus (1998). Donor bone marrow potentiates the effect of tacrolimus on non-vascularised heart allograft survival: Association with microchimerism and growth of donor dendritic cell progenitors from recipient bone marrow 1,2. 23rd Annual Meeting of the American Society of Transplant Surgeons, Chicago Il, United States, 10-16 May 1997. PHILADELPHIA: LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS. doi: 10.1097/00007890-199802270-00005
Tadic, S. D., Elm, M. S., Subbotin, V. M., Steptoe, R. J. and Eagon, P. K. (1998). Alcohol-induced down-regulation of sex hormone-responsive parameters in a rat model of liver disease. The American Gastroenterological Association and Digestive Disease Week, New Orleans, Louisiana, 17–20 May 1998. PHILADELPHIA: W B SAUNDERS CO. doi: 10.1016/S0016-5085(98)85484-X
Gregory, S. H., Sagnimeni, A. J., Steptoe, R. J., Zurowski, N. B. and Thomson, A. W. (1998). Flt-3 ligand pretreatment promotes protective immunity in mice infected with an avirulent, non-immunogenic strain of Listeria monocytogenes. 5th International Symposium on Dendritic Cells in Fundamental and Clinical Immunology, Pittsburgh, PA, United States, 1998. BETHESDA: FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL.
Khanna, A., Antonysamy, M. A., Subbotin, V., Steptoe, R. J., Rudert, W. and Thomson, A. W. (1998). Impact of Flt-3 Ligand on donor-derived dendritic cells and alloimmune reactivity in heart graft recipients given adjuvant donor bone marrow. 5th International Symposium on Dendritic Cells in Fundamental and Clinical Immunology, Pittsburgh, PA, United States, 1998. BETHESDA: FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL.
Khanna, A., Antonysamy, M. A., Steptoe, R. J., Li, W., Lu, L. and Thomson, A. W. (1997). The hematopoietic growth factor Flt-3 ligand reverses the therapeutic effect of donor bone marrow in transiently immunosuppressed cardiac allograft recipients. The American Society for Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics 23rd Annual Meeting, -, 14–19 October 1997. NEW YORK: ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC.
Steptoe, R. J., Fu, F., Li, W., Lu, L., Qian, S., McKenna, H. J. and Thomson, A. W. (1997). Donor pretreatment with Flt3 ligand augments liver and heart dendritic cell number and exacerbates allograft rejection. Joint Meeting of the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, the American Association of Immunologists and the Clinical Immunology Society, San Francisco, California, USA, 21-26 February 1997. ST LOUIS: MOSBY-YEAR BOOK INC.
Thomson, AW, Lu, L, Steptoe, RJ and Starzl, TE (1996). Dendritic cells and the balance between transplant tolerance and immunity. International Symposium on Immune Tolerance, Annecy France, May 09-11, 1996. PARIS: EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUE & MEDICALES ELSEVIER.
Steptoe, R. J., Holt, P. G. and McMenamin, P. G. (1995). Dendritic cells within the iris of the rat - Potentially potent APCS within an 'Immune-privileged site'. Keystone Symposia on Molecular & Cellullar Biology, Taos, New Mexico, 10-16 March 1995. NEW YORK: WILEY-LISS.
Steptoe, R. J., McMenamin, P. G. and McMenamin, C. (1993). The role of mast cells in experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis. International Congress on the Regulation of Leukocyte Production and Immune Function held at the Joint Meeting of the Australasian Society for Immunology and Society for Leukocyte Biology, Sydney, NSW, Australia, 1-5 December 1993. BETHESDA: FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL.