Antimicrobial optimisation
About
Infections in the healthcare setting are common and cause too many people to die. Severe infections commonly occur in patients with critical illness, burns, transplant, cystic fibrosis and immunosuppression. Infections in these patients are more difficult to treat leading to more multi-drug resistant (‘superbug’) infections which are associated with increased mortality and poorer health outcomes.
The Antimicrobial Optimisation Group is addressing these issues by improving antimicrobial dosing in these challenging special patient populations, using our world leading collaborative experience in the areas of laboratory-based infection and experimental models, clinical pharmacokinetics, pharmacometrics and clinical trials to define robust and evidence-based dosing regimens of our most commonly used antibiotics that will maximise antimicrobial effectiveness including reducing the emergence of resistance.
This group runs the Centre of Research Excellence for Optimising and personalising antimicrobial dosing to reduce resistance (RESPOND).
- Professor Jason Roberts
- Dr Fekade Sime
- Dr Xin Liu
- Dr Natasha Roberts
- Mr Paul Williams
- Mr Nermin Karamujic
- Dr Marta Ulldemolins
- Emeritus Professor Jeffrey Lipman
- Dr Hafiz Abdul-Aziz
- Dr Patty Mitre
- Associate Professor Jayesh Dhanani
- Ms Luminita Vlad
- Miss Amy Legg
Bioanalysis Laboratory
- Dr Helen Won
- Mr Dusan Marjanovic
- Miss Jenny Ordonez
PhD Students
- Dr Andrew Burke
- Dr Tavey Dorofaeff
- Miss Yixuan Li
- Dr Rochelle Ryan
- Mrs Quyen Tu
- Mr Yalew Wale
- Ms Michele Cree
- Dr Nilesh Kumta
- Mr Getnet Mengistu Assefa
- Dr Angela Tognolini
- Miss Mikaela Walker
- Mr Zenaw Wolie
Completed PhD Students
- Dr Puteri Zamri
- Dr Gene Chai
- Dr Vesa Cheng
- Dr Yarmarly Guerra Valero
- Dr Aaron Heffernan
- Dr Kamrul Islam
- Dr Sazlyna Mohd Sazlly Lim
- Dr Eko Setiawan
- Dr Gloria Wong
Honorary Academics
- Ms Cheryl Fourie
- Dr Despoina Koulenti
- Dr Menino Cotta
Critically ill patients often have varying physiological needs compared to the average patient and often require different dosage of antibiotics and other drugs, particularly if they are on life sustaining organ support such as extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) or continuous renal replacement therapies (CRRT). There is also controversy over whether a single dose of a drug or other substance given over a short period of time (called bolus dosing), or continuous infusion of β-lactams is more effective in delivering the right amount of antibiotic in critically ill patients. Professor Lipman has pioneered a large body of work which demonstrates that patients in intensive care units (ICU) do not receive optimal levels of antibiotics to kill the disease or infection-causing pathogens. This in turn leads to poorer health outcomes for patients as well as resistance to antibiotic treatment. Antibiotic resistant infections commonly occur in long stay, debilitated patients and increase the risk of death; result in longer ICU and hospital stay, physical weakness and long-term dysfunction. This contributes to patients being stuck in the ICU or hospital, worsening the shortage of acute-care hospital beds and increasing surgery waiting time.
Centre for Research Excellence Education Program
CRE RESPOND is dedicated to educating clinicians and health practitioners on optimal antibiotic use in critically ill patients. Our aim is to provide better antimicrobial treatment to reduce the burden of antimicrobial resistance. Each year we deliver hybrid education (in-person and online) events which focus on the following topics:
- Outpatient Parenteral Antimicrobial Therapy / Hospital in the Home Masterclasses focusing on models of care in different environments
- Antimicrobial Optimisation Workshop: PK analysis and dosing software
- Precision Dosing in various patient populations
- Advancing the use of microsampling to support effective dosing
- Antimicrobial dosing for anaesthetics and surgery
- Respiratory Infections
To register for an event visit the CRE RESPOND website. To watch previous recordings of education events visit the CRE RESPOND YouTube channel. You can also join our community and engage with us on social media X and LinkedIn.
Quantifiction of drugs in biological samples
Antimicrobial Optimisation Bioanalysis Laboratory
- 25+ years’ experience in quantifying concentrations of antibiotics, antifungals, antivirals and other small molecule drugs.
- More than 100 analytes, including 60+ antimicrobial agents, measured in various sample types including plasma, urine, tissue, CSF, microbiological broth, dialysis effluent and others.
- We develop validate and apply custom chromatographic assays to meet the specific requirements of the research project.
- Collaborative support for clinical academic research on the RBWH campus and beyond.
- Contact Prof Jason Roberts (j.roberts@uq.edu.au) or Dr Steve Wallis (s.wallis@uq.edu.au)
In vitro PK/PD infection models
1. Hollow fibre infection model
2. Dynamic biofilm infection model
Pharmacodynamic profiling of antibiotics
Optimizing treatment regimens bases on PK/PD profile in special patient populations (e.g. critically ill )
Evaluating synergistic combination of antibiotics against clinical isolates
Evaluating effect of antibiotic regimens on prevention/disruption of biofilm
For more information contact Dr Fekade Sime (f.sime@uq.edu.au)
Completed Projects
| Creatinine clearance of critically ill Australian indigenous patients – a longitudinal study (CROC Study). Tsai D, Udy A, Stewart P, Gourley S, Morick N, Lipman J, Roberts J. Funder: NHMRC Postgraduate Scholarship |
| Non-Haemolytic Friulimicins for the Treatment of Multi-Drug Resistant Bacteria. Cooper M, Roberts J, Butler M. Funder: NHMRC |
| Pharmacokinetics of Enteric Coated Mycophenolate Sodium in Lupus Nephritis (POEMSLUN). Ranganathan D, Roberts J, John G, Fassett R, Healy H, Lipman J, Kubler P, Ungerer J. Funder: RBWH |
| Epidemiology of Pneumonia in the Central Australian Intensive Care Unit. Tsai D, Goud R, Hewagama S, Stewart P, Hnin K-M, Tin K-S, Sun H, Roberts J. Funder: NHMRC Postgraduate Scholarship (D Tsai); Australian Academy of Science (D Tsai). |
| Pharmacokinetics of broad spectrum antibiotics in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) - using plasma concentrations to optimize antibiotic therapy. Welch S, Roberts J, Burrows F, Levkovich B, Ray J, Pellegrino V, Bui T, Wallis S, Marriott D, Rudham S. Funder: Society of Hospital Pharmacists of Australia (SHPA), RBWH Foundation |
| Antibiotic, sedative and analgesic drug pharmacokinetics during ovine extracorporeal membrane oxygenation - understanding altered pharmacokinetics to improve patient outcomes. Shekar K, Roberts J, Smith M, Fung Y, Fraser J, Wallis S, Mullany D, Diab S, McDonald C, Barnet A, Ghassabian S, Platts D, Dunster K. Funder: ANZCA, TPCH Foundation, ANZICS |
| The Pharmacokinetics of Vancomycin and Ticarcillin-Clavulanate in Critically Ill Patients undergoing Sustained Low-Efficiency Dialysis (SLED). Economu C. Funder RBWH Scholarship |
| Ketorolac pharmacokinetics in joint replacements. Roberts J, Wallis S, Gurunathan U. |
| Sampling Antibiotics in Renal Replacement Therapy (SMARRT Study). Roberts J, Lipman J, Roberts M, Paul S, Peake S, Turnidge J, Joynt G, Lee A, Gomersall C, Choi G. Funder: NHMRC; Chinese University of Hong Kong |
| Does inhaled antibiotics deliver optimal concentrations to the lung to improve treatment of pneumonia. An animal in vivo study using the microdialysis technique. Dhanani J, Paterson D, Roberts J, Chew M, Fraser J. Funder: RBWH |
| Dosing to maximise bacterial killing and prevent resistance in ICU. Roberts J, Lipman J, Wallis S, Kirkpatrick C, Landersdorfer C, Bulitta J, Bergen P. Funder: NHMRC |
| Piperacillin and cefazolin pharmacokinetics in sepsis and trauma. Roberts J, Lipman J, Udy A, Wallis S, Kirkpatrick C, Kruger P, Roberts M. |
| PARITY: Paracetamol in Traumatic Brain Injury. Principal Investigator: Gowardman J, Roberts J, Lipman J, Wallis S, Saxena M. |
| Continuous vs bolus cefazolin in abdominal surgery patients (collaboration with University of Virginia). Roberts J, Lipman J, Wallis S, Naik B, Ikeda K, Todorovic M. |
| Antibiotic pharmacokinetic study in renal replacement therapy - CVVHF vs CVVHDF (collaboration with CHU Nimes). Roberts J, Lipman J, Wallis S, Lefrant J-Y, Roger C, Muller L. Funder: Le Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nimes (CHU Nimes) |
| Antibiotic pharmacokinetics in Slow Low Efficiency Dialysis (piperacillin, meropenem and vancomycin; collaboration with The Ottawa Hospital). Roberts J, Kanji S, Zelenitsky S. |
| Teiciplanin pharmacokinetics and protein binding in methicillin resistant S. aureus infection (collaboration with Trinity College Ireland). Roberts J, D'Arcy D, Byrne C. |
| CAMERA: Combination antibiotic treatment for Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Bacteraemia – an RCT. Davis J, Tong S, Paterson D, Fowler V, Howden B, Cheng A, Chatfield M, Lipman J, van Hal S, O’Sullivan M. Funder: NHMRC |
| Validation of Microsampling Versus Traditional Blood Sampling For Antibiotic Pharmacokinetics. Chikatamarla A, Parker S, Wallis S, Lipman J, Presneill J, Roberts J, Dorofaeff T, Jarrett P. Funder: RBWH Foundation; AHEPA |
| Pharmacokinetics of Antibiotics in the critically unwell children. Dorofaeff T. Funder: AHEPA |
| Population pharmacokinetics of meropenem in critically ill patients and development of dosing software (Collaboration with University of Liverpool). Roberts J, Hope W, Belen A. |
| Meropenem and ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetics in ICU patients with shock (MaC-DIPPS). Roberts J, Lipman J, Sjovall F, Christrup L, Kreilgaard M, Perner A, Frimodt-Møller N. |
| Plasma and tissue pharmacokinetics of lincomycin in patients with burn wound infection. Muller M, Wang L, Roberts J, Lipman J. Funder: RBWH Foundation |
| An Investigation of the Pharmacokinetics of Pip/taz, Meropenem and Fluconazole in Critically Ill Obese Patients (PHANCO). Alobaid A, Roberts J, Lipman J, Roberts M. Funder: Saudi Arabian Cultural Mission |
| Incidence, Risk Factors, Consequences and Treatment of Ventilated Patients with Nosocomial Infection with Pandrug Resistant Organisms in Hospitals in Asia. McGloughlin S, Webb S, Lipman J, Paterson D, Roberts J, Phau J. Funder: ICF; University of Western Australia – UQ Collaboration |
| Pharmacokinetic Australasian Collaborative. Lipman J, Roberts J, Joynt G, Udy A, Nicholas M. Funder: ICF |
| Optimising benzylpenicillin dosing for critically ill patients with severe pneumonia. Roberts J, Cotta O, Boots R. Funder: RBWH Foundation |
| A Phases III Randomized Controlled Trial of Continuous β-lactam Infusion Compared with Intermittent β-lactam Dosing in Critically ill patients. Dulhunty J, Starr T, Lipman J. Funder: RBWH Foundation |
| Levetiracetam pharmacokinetics in critically ill patients with severe traumatic brain injury and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Cotta O, Roberts J, Presneill J. Funder: ICF, RBWH Foundation |
| Optimising ceftriaxone dosing for critically ill patients with severe pneumonia. Roberts J, Cotta O, Boots R. Funder: RBWH Foundation |
| Improving piperacillin/tazobactam dosing in critically ill Australian Indigenous patients with severe sepsis. Tsai D, Stewart P, Goud R, Gourley S, Hewagama S, Krishnaswamy S, Wallis S, Lipman J, Roberts J. Funder: NHMRC Postgraduate Scholarship (D Tsai); Australian Academy of Science (D Tsai) |
| Improving meropenem dosing in critically ill Australian Indigenous patients with severe sepsis. Tsai D, Stewart P, Goud R, Gourley S, Hewagama S, Krishnaswamy S, Wallis S, Lipman J, Roberts J. Funder: NHMRC Postgraduate Scholarship (D Tsai); Australian Academy of Science (D Tsai) |
| Improving vancomycin dosing in critically ill Australian Indigenous patients with severe sepsis. Tsai D, Stewart P, Goud R, Gourley S, Hewagama S, Krishnaswamy S, Wallis S, Lipman J, Roberts J. Funder: NHMRC Postgraduate Scholarship (D Tsai); Australian Academy of Science (D Tsai) |
| Improving ceftriaxone dosing in critically ill Australian Indigenous patients with severe sepsis. |
| Tsai D, Stewart P, Goud R, Gourley S, Hewagama S, Krishnaswamy S, Wallis S, Lipman J, Roberts J. Funder: NHMRC Postgraduate Scholarship (D Tsai); Australian Academy of Science (D Tsai) |
Residual antibiotics post reconstitution: REPORT Study. Jarrett P, Coyer F, Cook J, Wallis S, Cotta O, Cohen J. |
| ASAP-ECMO (Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation): A multi-centre Australian pharmacokinetic study evaluating the pharmacokinetics of various antibiotics, antifungals, sedatives and analgesics in critically ill patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Principal Site Investigator: J Roberts |
| BLING III: A phase III randomised controlled trial of continuous beta-lactam infusion compared with intermittent beta-lactam dosing in critically ill patients. Principal Site Investigator: J Lipman |
Current Projects
| Implementation, barriers, and facilitators of outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy: An international survey |
| Determining bEta-lactam Exposure targets in Patients with deep-seated bacterial infections. The DEEP study (an observational PK-PD pilot study) |
| A prospective observational comparative plasma and cerebrospinal fluid pharmacokinetic study of levetiracetam in aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage and traumatic brain injury (The ALLEVIATE Study) |
| Antibiotic exposure at site of orthopaedic device-related infections - A pilot and feasibility observational study (M-DRIFT) |
| Nimodipine dosing and physiological variability in Neurocritical Care patients: a prospective pharmacokinetic study |
| FUN study: Nebulised fentanyl for labour pain – a pharmacokinetic and feasibility study |
| Development and clinical integration of dosing software in critically ill patients |
| A multi-centre study to define novel individualised dosing regimens to maximise antibiotic effectiveness for treatment of pneumonia in ICU |
| Prospective, Open-Label, Randomized Controlled Trial on Pharmacokinetics of Highly Protein Bound Direct Oral Anticoagulant (Apixaban) in Prevention and Treatment of Primary Nephrotic Syndrome Associated Thromboembolic Disease |
| The AB-CARE study (Optimising Antibiotic Treatment for Critically Ill Infants, Children and Adolescents) |
| The pharmacokinetics of drugs used to treat COVID-19 in hospitalised patients |
| A Phase III Randomised control trial of continuous beta-lactam infusion compared with intermittent beta-lactam dosing in critically ill patients (Bling III) (BLING III PK-PD Sub-study) |
| Pharmacokinetics of tranexamic acid in adult patients undergoing elective hip replacement: an in-vivo study |
| Pharmacokinetics of Antimicrobials in Paediatric Patients on Extracorporeal Therapies |
| Dose optimisation of vancomycin in critically ill children using population pharmacokinetic modelling |
| The PISA STUDY A comparative study of plasma pharmacokinetics of intravenous and nebulized sedatives and analgesic agents in mechanically ventilated patients: a single centre, prospective observational study |
| An investigation of the utility of microsampling versus traditional blood sampling for antibiotic pharmacokinetics in Children |
Clinical trials
Ceftolozane/Tazobactam RRT: An observational pharmacokinetic study of Ceftolozane-Tazobactam in Intensive Care Unit in patients with and without continuous renal replacement therapy. Principal Site Investigator: J Roberts
Ceftolozane/Tazobactam EVD: A prospective observational pharmacokinetic evaluation of the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of a single dose ceftolozane/tazobactam in infected critically ill patients with an indwelling external ventricular drain. Principal Site Investigators: J Roberts, J Lipman
Colonic Flora: Assessing the effects of antibiotic choice on gut microbiota of ICU patients - a metagenomic approach. Principal Site Investigators: D Paterson, P Harris, S Schlebusch
Microsampling: Validation of microsampling versus traditional blood sampling for antibiotic pharmacokinetics. Principal Site Investigators: J Lipman, S Wallis
OASES: The Pharmacokinetics of Ceftriaxone, Meropenem, Piperacillin-Tazobactam and Vancomycin in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Critically Ill Patients with Uninflamed Meninges. Principal Site Investigators: J Roberts, N Kumta
RESIST: Recognising Sepsis in SIRS Trial. Principal Site Investigator: K Denny
Queensland
University of Queensland:
Prof Alastair McEwan, Prof Michael Jennings, A/Prof Mark Schembri , A/Prof Scott Beatson, Molecular & Microbial Sciences
Dr Ian Shiels, Prof Stephen Taylor, Dr Trent Woodruff, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology
Queensland Health Pathology Service: Dr Patrick Harris
Griffith University: Dr Li Zhang, School of Nursing & Midwifery
Princess Alexandra Hospital: Dr Peter Kruger, Prof Bala Venkatesh, Dr Geoff Playford, Dr Rob Eley
The Prince Charles Hospital: Prof John Fraser, A/Prof Kiran Shekar
Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital:
Dr Jacobus Ungerer, Dr John Cardinal, Dr Carel Pretorius, Dr Brett McWhinney, Chemical Pathology
Renal Medicine: Dr Dwarka Ranganathan, Dr Helen Healy, Dr George John,
Redcliffe Hospital: Dr Alexis Tabah, Dr Tim Warhurst, Dr Joel Dulhunty
Queensland University of Technology: Prof Lyn Griffiths, Dr Larisa Haupt
QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute: Dr David McMillan, Bacterial Pathogenesis Laboratory
Toowoomba Hospital: Dr Indranil Chatterjee
Gold Coast University Hospital: Dr Kerina Denny
Queensland Children's Hospital: A/Prof Mark Coulthard, Paediatrics and Child Health
National
Westmead Hospital, Sydney:
A/Prof Jon Iredell, Prof Tania Sorrell, Dr Heather Giddings, Dr Catriona Halliday, Dr John Gallagher, Dr Vineet Nayyar
The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne:
A/Prof David Tuxen, A/Prof Carlos Scheinkestel, Dr Andrew Davies, A/Prof Denis Spelman, Dr Alex Padiglione, A/Prof Anne Holland, Dr Carol Hodgson, Prof Russell Gruen, National Trauma Research Institute
Austin & Repatriation Hospital, Melbourne:
Prof Rinaldo Bellomo, Dr Sue Berney, Prof Lindsay Grayson, Dr Barrie Mayall, Dr Glenn Eastwood
The George Institute for International Health, Sydney:
Prof John Myburgh, Prof Simon Finfer, Dr Manoj Saxena
Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin: Dr Joshua Davis
Royal Perth Hospital:
Prof Steve Webb, Dr Geoff Dobb, Dr Paul Ingram, Dr KM Ho, Dr Andrew Heard, Dr Richard Riley, Dr Matt Rawlins
St Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney: A/Prof Debbie Marriott, Dr Sam Rudham
Notre Dame University, Perth: Dr Shane Patman
Royal Darwin Hospital, NT: Dr Dianne Stephens
Royal Hobart Hospital, TAS: Dr David Cooper
Canberra Hospital, ACT:
Dr Frank van Haren, Ms Margot Green, Dr Marta Kot
Monash Medical Centre, Melbourne: Elizabeth Skinner
Royal Melbourne Hospital: Dr Reny Segal
Monash University:
Prof Carl Kirkpatrick, Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences
Dr Carol Hodgson, Public Health & Preventive Medicine
Dr Cornelia Landersdorfer, Centre for Medicine Use & Safety
Dr Philip Bergen, Centre for Medicine Use & Safety
Prof Steve Webb, Dr Carol Hodgson, Ms Lorraine Little, Prof Alistair Nichol, Mr Tony Trapani, ANZIC Research Centre
Prof Jamie Cooper, Prof Rinaldo Bellomo, Ms Lynne Murray, Prof Kim Bennell, Prof Janet McCalman, Prof Linda Denehy, A/Prof Sue Berney, Prof S Paul
Royal Adelaide Hospital: Dr Chris Acott
La Trobe University, Melbourne: Prof Nick Taylor
Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney: Dr George Kotsiou
Biodevices International Pty Ltd., Victoria: Dr David Noble
Australian Red Cross Blood Service, NSW:
Dr David Irving, Dr Denese Marks, Research and Development
St Vincent’s Hospital, Melbourne: Dr Barry Dixon
Blacktown Hospital, NSW: Dr Charudatt Shirwadkar
Lyell McEwin Hospital, Adelaide: Dr Milind Sanap, Dr Peter Thomas
Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide: Dr David Durham
Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth: Dr Stuart Baker, A/Prof David Mountain
Bendigo Hospital Bendigo, Victoria: Dr Jason Fletcher
Bendigo Hospital Bendigo, Victoria
Geelong Hospital, Victoria: Dr Neil Orford, Dr Claire Cattigan
Gosford Hospital: Dr Rob Cameron
Royal Prince Alfred Hospital: Dr David Gattas
St George Hospital, Sydney: Dr Andrew Cheung
Wollongong Hospital: Dr Martin Sterba
ANZICS Clinical Trials Group: A/Prof Sandra Peake
The University of Western Australia:
Prof Antonio Celenza, A/Prof Tim Inglis, Prof Simon Brown, Prof Michael Paech
Australian National University & Canberra Hospital: Dr Anne Leditschke
King Edward Memorial Hospital: Prof Michael Paech
International
Chinese University of Hong Kong: Prof Charles Gomersall, Prof Gavin Joynt, Dr Gordon Choi, Anaesthesia & Intensive Care
The University of Hong Kong: Prof Michael Irwin, Department of Anaesthesiology
University College London, UK: Prof Mervyn Singer, Dr Alberto Corona, Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine
Tübingen University Hospital, Germany: Prof Wolfgang Krueger, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine
Changi General Hospital, Singapore: Dr Noelle Lim, Dept of Anaesthesia & Surgical Intensive Care
Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Spain: Prof Jordi Rello, Dr Elsa Afonso, Dr Laura Ruano, Critical Care Department
University of Witwatersrand, South Africa: Prof Satish Bhagwanjee, Ms Juan Scribante, Dept of Anaesthesia
Institute of Pharmacological Research, Italy: Dr Guido Bertolini, Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology
University College London, UK: Dr A Peter Wilson, Department of Microbiology,
University of Otago, New Zealand: Dr Martin Than, Department of Emergency Medicine
Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom: Prof Tony Whitehouse
Hospital Macarena Seville, Spain: Prof Jesus Rodriguez-Bano
John Hopkins University, USA: Prof Dale Needham
University of Florida: Dr Jürgen Bulitta, College of Pharmacy
University of Michigan, USA: Prof Jack Iwashyna
University of Dublin, Ireland: Prof Ignacio Martin-Loaches
National University of Ireland: Prof Alistair Nichol
Washington University, Missouri, USA: Prof M Kollef
Ordway Research Institute, New York, USA: Prof George Drusano
Baragwanath Hospital, South Africa: Dr Shahed Omar
Wellington Regional Hospital Wellington, New Zealand: Dr Dick Dinsdale, Dr Paul Young
Auckland City Hospital, New Zealand: Dr Colin McArthur, Dr Shay McGuinness
Canterbury District Health Board, New Zealand: Dr Seton Henderson
Middlemore Hospital, New Zealand: Dr Alex Kazemi
Hawkes Bay Hospital, New Zealand: Dr Ross Freebairn
University of Auckland, New Zealand: Prof Alan Merry
Waikato Clinical School of Medicine, New Zealand: Prof Jamie Sleigh, Dr Rob Frengley
University of Limpopo, South Africa: Prof Andries Gous, School of Pharmacy
Wellington Regional Hospital and Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington: Dr Paul Young
Washington Hospital Center, USA: A/Prof Andrew Shorr
Coimbra University Hospitals, Portugal: Dr Joao Pedro Baptista
Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA: Prof Paul Marik, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine,
St George’s Healthcare NHS Trust and St George’s University of London, London, England: Dr Andrew Rhodes
Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia: Dr Mohd Zulfakar Mazlan
Hospital Tengku Ampuan Afzan, Kuantan, Malaysia: Dr Janattul Ain Jamal
International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Malaysia: A/Prof Mohd Basri Mat Nor
University of Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: A/Prof Mohd Shahnaz Hasan, Dr Helmi Sulaiman
Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece: Prof George Dimopoulos, Prof Apostolos Armaganidis
Hacettepe University Hospital, Turkey: Dr Murat Akova, Dr Arife Özveren
Ospedale, San Martino, Genova, Italy: Prof Matteo Bassetti
Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Bichat-Claude Bernard, AP-HP, Université Paris VII, Paris, France: Prof Philippe Montravers
Hospital Nord, Marseille; AzuRea Group, France: Dr Claude Martin
Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium: Prof Jan de Waele, Prof Stijn Blot, Dr Luc De Crop
Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK: Colonel Rob Russell
University of Pittsburgh, USA: Prof Derek Angus
UK Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre, London, England: Prof Kathy Rowan
US Army Institute of Surgical Research: Colonel Jeff Bailey, Colonel Todd Rasmussen
NATO Role 3 Hospital, Kandahar, Afghanistan: Lieutenant Commander Travis Polk, US Navy
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Centre, Boston, USA: Dr Christopher McCoy, Dr John Marshall, Dr Daniel Dalmor
Erasme Hospital, Free University of Brussels: Dr Fabio Taccone
Hospital Nostra Senyora de Meritxell, Escaldes-Engordany, Andorra: Dr Antonio Margarit Ribas
University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Greece: Prof Ioannis Pneumatikos, Dr Vassiliki Theodorou, Dr Georgios Kouliatsis, Dr Stylianos Fotakis, Dr Elias Christoforidis
Heidenheim Hospital, Heidenheim, Germany: Prof Otto Frey
Santiago, Chile: Nicole Salazar, Jana Stojanova, Leslie Escobar, Marcial Cariqueo
Brigham University USA: Ramona Hopkins
National University Hospital, Singapore: Dr Geetha Kayambu
Hong Kong Polytechnic University: Prof Alice Jones
Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussels, Belgium: Dr Herbert Spapen
Universitair Ziekenhuis Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium: Dr Joost Wauters
Clinique Saint Pierre, Ottignies, Belgium: Dr Thierry Dugernier
Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Edegem, Belgium: Dr Philippe Jorens
Algemeen Ziekenhuis Monica, Deurne, Belgium: Dr Ilse Dapper
Hospital Del Mar, Barcelona, Spain: Dr Francisco Alvarez-Lerma, Dr Maria Pilar Gracia-Arnillas, Dr Sonia Luque
Centro Médico Delfos, Barcelona, Spain: Dr Francisco Fernández
Hospital General de L’Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain: Dr Neus Feijoo, Dr Neus Bardolet, Dr Assumpta Rovira
Hospital General de Granollers, Barcelona, Spain: Dr Pau Garro, Dr Diana Colon
Hospital Txagorritxu, Vitoria, Spain: Dr Carlos Castillo, Dr Juan Fernado
Hospital Universitario de Burgos, Spain: Dr Maria Jesus Lopez, Dr Jose Luis Fernandez, Dr Ana Maria Arribas
Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain: Dr Jose Luis Teja, Dr Elsa Ots
Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain: Dr Juan Carlos Montejo, Dr Mercedes Catalan
Hospital Ramon y Cajal, Madrid, Spain: Dr Isidro Prieto, Dr Gloria Gonzalo
Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain: Dr Beatriz Galvan
Hospital Universitario Severo Ochoa, Madrid, Spain: Dr Miguel Angel Blasco, Dr Estibaliz Meyer, Dr Frutos Del Nogal
Hospital Universitario de Donostia, Donostia, Spain: Dr Loreto Vidaur, Dr Rosa Sebastian, Dr Pila Marco Garde
Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Spain: Dr Maria del Mar Martin Velasco
Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, Spain: Dr Rafael Zaragoza Crespo
Institut Clínic del Tòrax, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomedica En Red- Enfermedades Respiratorias (CibeRes): Prof Mariano Esperatti, Prof Antoni Torres
University Hospital of Geneva, Switzerland: Prof Stephan Harbarth, Prof Angela Hunter
University Hospital of Wales , Wales: Prof Rishi Dhillon
Centre Hospitalier Pays D Aix, Aix en Provence; AzuRea Group, France: Prof Olivier Baldesi
Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Amiens, Amiens, France: Prof Herve Dupont
Centre Hospitalier-Universitaire d'Amiens; AzuRea Group, France: Prof Yazine Mahjoub
Centre Hospitalier-Universitaire d'Angers, France: Prof Sigismond Lasocki
Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand; AzuRea Group, France: Prof Jean Michel Constantin
Centre Hospitalier-Universitaire Grenoble; AzuRea Group, France: Prof Jean François Payen
Hopital Nord, Marseille; AzuRea Group, France: Prof Jacques Albanese
Hôpital Pontchaillou, Rennes, France: Prof Yannick Malledant
University Hospital, Strasbourg; AzuRea Group, France: Prof Julien Pottecher
Centre Hospitalier-Universitaire Nimes; AzuRea Group, France: Prof Jean-Yves Lefrant , Dr Claire Roger
Hospitalier-Universitaire Montpellier; AzuRea GroupFrance: Prof Samir Jaber
Centre Hospitalier-Universitaire Bordeaux; AzuRea Group, France: Prof Olivier Joannes-Boyau
Centre Hospitalier-Universitaire Nice; AzuRea Group, France: Prof Christophe Orban
Charing Cross Hospital, London, United Kingdom: Prof Francesca Rubulotta, Prof Anthony Gordon
St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom: Dr George Ntoumenopolous, Dr Marlies Ostermann, Prof Catherine McKenzie, Prof William Berry, Prof John Smith, Prof Katie Lei
Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom: Prof Stephen Brett
St Mary's Hospital, Imperial Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom: Prof Martin Stotz, Prof Maie Templeton
St George's Hospital, St George's Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom: Prof Claudia Ebm, Prof Carl Moran
Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland: Dr Kirsi-Maija Kaukonen, Dr Ville Pettilä
Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy: Prof Chiara Adembri, Prof Gianluca Villa
Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy: Prof Antonio Giarratano, Prof Santi Maurizio Raineri, Prof Andrea Cortegiani, Prof Francesca Montalto, Prof Maria Strano
Universitaria San Giovanni-Battista Molinette, Turin, Italy: Prof V. Marco Ranieri, Prof Rosario, Prof Urbino Ilaria Mastromauro, Prof Francesco G. De Rosa
Catholic University School of Medicine, Rome, Italy: Prof Claudio Sandroni, Prof Gennaro De Pascale
University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy: Prof Alexandre Molin, Prof Paolo Pelosi
Universitaria San Martino, Genova, Italy: Prof Luca Montagnani
University of Udine, Udine, Italy: Prof Federico Pea
Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal: Prof Teresa Cardoso
Hospital de St António dos Capuchos, Lisbon, Portgual: Prof Susana Afonso
Hospital de São Francisco Xavier, Lisbon, Portugal: Prof João Gonçalves-Pereira
If you would like to make a tax deductible donation to antimicrobial optimisation research, please contact hmbs.advancement@uq.edu.au. Thank you for your support.